Qualities (attributes, traits, characteristics, etc.) of concrete individuals, relations (relators) between them and roles that objects can play in different contexts are subsumed under the category Attributive.
Attributive
Attributives are individuals that depend on other individuals by some kind of dependency relation.
Category
Class
Kind
Type
The notion of category covers all abstract entities that can be instantiated by or are predicated of other entities.
Chronoid
Time interval
Time period
Chronoids are real-valued time intervals with endpoints.
The time (extension) of a football match (from the start point in time to the end point in time)
Concrete individual
Concrete individuals are entities that have an immediate relation to time or to space-time. They exist in time.
Material three-dimensional objects, their aggregates (groups) and parts as well as immaterial two-, one- and zero-dimensional entities (i.e., surfaces, lines and points) are subsumed under the category Continuant.
Continuant
Object
Continuants are concrete individuals that persist through time and are wholly present at every point of their existence time (lifetime).
Continuant part role
Object part role
A continuant part role is the role that a continuant part plays in the whole continuant.
John is part/member of the football team and plays the role of midfielder.
The processor is part of the computer and has the task/function/role to process commands.
Entity
Everything that exists is called an entity.
Immaterial continuants can border material continuants (natural boundaries) or be located inside them (inner boundaries). Boundaries of material continuants are surfaces, boundaries of surfaces are lines and boundaries of lines are points.
Immaterial continuant
Object boundary
Immaterial continuants are 0-, 1-, or 2-dimensional immaterial (visible or imaginary) entities (i.e., points, lines and surfaces) that are located on material continuants or in them.
Individual
Individuals are entities which cannot be further instantiated.
Lines are not necessarily straight. They can be, for example, curves or broken lines that pass through various points and form a corner, a triangle or a polygon.
Line
A line is a 1-dimensional immaterial continuant.
Boundary line of the football field
Longitudinal axis of the human skeleton
The members of a material aggregate are regarded as its parts, similar to the parts of an object (e.g., John is part/member of the football team and plays the role of forward).
Material aggregate
Collective
Group
A material aggregate is a unit consisting of multiple material objects or further aggregates.
Research group
Sports team
Usually, connected objects are considered as single material objects, i.e., the object parts are firmly connected to the whole object, while loose objects can form a group/aggregate. When modelling a person, for example, you could consider their skeleton as a (connected) material object and as part of the human body. However, if we look at bone finds in the context of anthropology, the skeleton can be modelled as an aggregate of individual bones.
Material continuant
Material continuants are any 3-dimensional material objects, aggregates and parts.
Material object
Material objects are connected material entities that consist of an amount of stuff and have a natural boundary.
Bone
Chopstick
Computer
Person
Material part
Material parts are parts of material objects that have no natural boundary with the whole object (e.g., part of a bone).
Part of a bone
Part of a chopstick
Point
A point is a 0-dimensional immaterial continuant.
Gonion
Penalty spot
Processes represent dynamic knowledge.
Process
Processes are concrete individuals that happen in time and have a temporal extension (a chronoid).
A treatment of a patient in a hospital
Football match
The course of an illness
The first half of the match
Processual role
A processual role is the role that a participant plays in a process.
Team A plays the home team role and team B plays the visiting team role in a football match.
Qualities can possess values.
Quality
Attribute
Characteristic
Feature
Property
Trait
Qualities are attributives that typically inhere in its bearer.
Observable or measurable characteristics of single objects, e.g., persons, (such as weight and height, laboratory parameters or symptoms)
Qualities of object groups (e.g., goals scored by a football team in a match)
Qualities of processes (e.g., the number of spectators as quality of a football match)
Relational role
A relational role is the role that an entity plays in a relation (relator).
Target object role and reference object role of a relative location relator (describes the relative location of an object playing the target object role in relation to another object playing the reference object role)
Wife role and husband role of the marriage relator
Winner team role and loser team role of the winner-loser relator
A relator represents an individual relation instance.
Relator
Relators are attributives that connect other entities (role players) by relational roles (played by role players).
A relator describing the relative location of an object (playing the target object role) in relation to another object (playing the reference object role), e.g., the location of a person relative to the city centre or the location of an anatomical structure relative to the longitudinal axis
A winner-loser relator connecting a winner and a loser team by a winner and a loser role
The marriage (relator) of John and Mary (in which Mary plays the wife role and John the husband role)
We distinguish between continuant part roles, processual roles, situational roles and relational roles.
Role
A role is a relational entity that links a continuant (role player) with some context, in which the continuant plays that role.
A situation can exist at a certain point in time or during a certain period of time and can be part or result of a process or another situation.
Situations represent static knowledge.
Situation
Situations are combinations/constellations of attributives that belong together in the context of the use case under consideration.
A risk situation when treating a patient in hospital if his laboratory values (qualities) are in the critical range over a certain period of time
The situation after the wedding of John and Mary (i.e., the situation in which they are married containing the marriage relator with a husband and a wife role)
The situation at the end of a football match containing players' qualities (e.g., number of goals or assists), teams' qualities (e.g., number of goals or ball possession) and a winner-loser relator with one team playing the winner role and the other team playing the loser role
Situational role
A situational role is the role that a participant plays in a situation.
Roles played by a doctor and a patient in a risk/adverse situation in hospital
Surface
A surface is a 2-dimensional immaterial continuant.
Frontal plane of the human skeleton
Surface of the football field
Time boundary
Point in time
Time point
Start point in time of a football match
The time entities defined in GFO-light are points in time (time boundaries) and time intervals/periods (chronoids), which consist of points in time.
Time entity
after
Shortcut for 'after'
after date time value
attributive of
before
X before Y: Xf < Ys
Shortcut for 'before'
before date time value
boolean value
Immaterial continuants can be considered as (outer or inner) boundaries (boundaryOf). Note that surfaces are boundaries of material continuants, lines are boundaries of surfaces and points are boundaries of lines.
boundary of
caused by
causes
Shortcut for 'temporallyContains'
contains date time value
contains role
date time value
decimal value
during
X during Y: Xs > Ys and Xf < Yf
Shortcut for 'temporallyFinishedBy'
finished by date time value
has attributive
has boundary
has inner boundary
has member
has natural boundary
Immaterial continuants can be assigned to a corresponding material continuant using the object property hasOwner.
has owner
has part
has participant
has process part
has quality
has situation part
has temporal part
Shortcut for 'hasTemporalPart'
has temporal part date time value
has time
inner boundary of
instance of
instantiated by
leads to
Material objects can be located in other material objects (locatedIn, e.g., the driver is located in the car).
Processes and situations can take place (locatedIn) in material objects (e.g., a football match in a stadium or an illness in a person).
located in
location of
To model the membership of a member in a group/aggregate, the more specific object properties hasMember/memberOf should be used instead of hasPart/PartOf.
member of
natural boundary of
owner of
part of
Continuants can participate in processes and situations (participatesIn, hasParticipant).
participates in
Player A1 participates in a goal situation.
Teams A and B participate in a football match.
played by
The role players are associated with the roles they play using object properties plays or playedBy.
plays
process part of
quality of
related by
relates
results from
Roles are assigned to the corresponding context entity (continuant, process, situation, relator) using object properties roleIn or containsRole.
role in
situation part of
spatially ends on
spatially passes through
spatially starts on
Shortcut for 'temporallyStartedBy'
started by date time value
string value
temporal part of
X temporal part of Y: X starts Y or X finishes Y or X during Y
temporally contains
temporally equal
X equal Y: Xs = Ys and Xf = Yf
temporally finished by
temporally finishes
X finishes Y: Xs > Ys and Xf = Yf
temporally meets
X meets Y: Xf = Ys
temporally met by
temporally overlapped by
temporally overlaps
X overlaps Y: Xs < Ys and Xf > Ys and Xf < Yf
If a temporal relation is applied to other concrete individuals as time intervals (attributive, continuant, process, situation), it is propagated to their existence times (hasTime).
In the definitions of the relations, the variables Xs, Xf, Ys and Yf represent the start (s) and finish (f) of the time intervals X and Y.
Some temporal relations can also be applied to points in time (before/after, equal) or a point in time and a time interval (before, starts, finishes, during or their inverse relations).
temporally related with
Temporal relations between time intervals based on Allen, J. F. (1983). Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals. Communications of the ACM, 26(11), 832-843.
temporally started by
temporally starts
X starts Y: Xs = Ys and Xf < Yf
time of
unit
Risk Identification Ontology (RIO) provides a framework for risk specification and reasoning.
Risk Identification Ontology (RIO)
Adverse situation
Adverse event
An adverse situation is any untoward/undesirable treatment situation.
Dura mater infection
KPI
Key Performance Indicator
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are properties (attributives) of the treatment process and its participants (such as doctors, medical instruments and patients) that are relevant for the estimation of risk.
Age
Presence of antibiotic prevention
Presence of menginitis vaccination
Point in time of risk detection
Risk detection time point
A point in time of risk detection is a point in time of treatment at which the current treatment situation (potential risk situation) is analyzed for the presence of risks.
Point in time of treatment
Treatment time point
Risk situation
Risk
A risk situation is a treatment situation that contains such a combination of KPIs that can lead to an adverse situation with a certain probability.
Dura mater infection risk (situation) during cochlear implantation: age < 5 month AND no meningitis vaccination AND no antibiotic prevention
Treatment
A treatment is a process of medical treating a patient in hospital.
Treatment phase
A treatment phase is a time-limited part of the treatment.
Anamnesis phase
Indication phase
Intraoperative phase
Treatment situations can be analyzed for the presence of risks at certain points in time (of risk detection).
Treatment situation
A treatment situation is any situation arising during treatment.