Attributive
type: Class
comment: Qualities (attributes, traits, characteristics, etc.) of concrete individuals, relations (relators) between them and roles that objects can play in different contexts are subsumed under the category Attributive.
subclass of: Concrete individual
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: attributive of
  some values from: Individual
definition: Attributives are individuals that depend on other individuals by some kind of dependency relation.

Category
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: Category
    union of: Individual
  on property: instantiated by
alternative label: Class
alternative label: Kind
alternative label: Type
definition: The notion of category covers all abstract entities that can be instantiated by or are predicated of other entities.

Chronoid
type: Class
subclass of: Time entity
subclass of: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Restriction
      on class: Time boundary
      on property: temporally finished by
      qualified cardinality: 1
    intersection of: Restriction
      on class: Time boundary
      on property: temporally started by
      qualified cardinality: 1
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Restriction
      on data range: dateTime
      on property: finished by date time value
      qualified cardinality: 1
    intersection of: Restriction
      on data range: dateTime
      on property: started by date time value
      qualified cardinality: 1
alternative label: Time interval
alternative label: Time period
definition: Chronoids are real-valued time intervals with endpoints.
example: The time (extension) of a football match (from the start point in time to the end point in time)

Concrete individual
type: Class
subclass of: Individual
subclass of: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Restriction
      on data range: dateTime
      on property: finished by date time value
      qualified cardinality: 1
    intersection of: Restriction
      on data range: dateTime
      on property: started by date time value
      qualified cardinality: 1
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Time entity
    on property: has time
    qualified cardinality: 1
  union of: Restriction
    on data range: dateTime
    on property: date time value
    qualified cardinality: 1
definition: Concrete individuals are entities that have an immediate relation to time or to space-time. They exist in time.

Continuant
type: Class
comment: Material three-dimensional objects, their aggregates (groups) and parts as well as immaterial two-, one- and zero-dimensional entities (i.e., surfaces, lines and points) are subsumed under the category Continuant.
subclass of: Concrete individual
subclass of: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Restriction
      on data range: dateTime
      on property: finished by date time value
      qualified cardinality: 1
    intersection of: Restriction
      on data range: dateTime
      on property: started by date time value
      qualified cardinality: 1
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Chronoid
    on property: has time
    qualified cardinality: 1
alternative label: Object
definition: Continuants are concrete individuals that persist through time and are wholly present at every point of their existence time (lifetime).

Continuant part role
type: Class
subclass of: Role
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Continuant
  on property: role in
  qualified cardinality: 1
alternative label: Object part role
definition: A continuant part role is the role that a continuant part plays in the whole continuant.
example: John is part/member of the football team and plays the role of midfielder.
example: The processor is part of the computer and has the task/function/role to process commands.

Entity
type: Class
definition: Everything that exists is called an entity.

Immaterial continuant
type: Class
comment: Immaterial continuants can border material continuants (natural boundaries) or be located inside them (inner boundaries). Boundaries of material continuants are surfaces, boundaries of surfaces are lines and boundaries of lines are points.
subclass of: Continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has owner
  some values from: Material continuant
alternative label: Object boundary
definition: Immaterial continuants are 0-, 1-, or 2-dimensional immaterial (visible or imaginary) entities (i.e., points, lines and surfaces) that are located on material continuants or in them.

Individual
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: instance of
  some values from: Category
definition: Individuals are entities which cannot be further instantiated.

Line
type: Class
comment: Lines are not necessarily straight. They can be, for example, curves or broken lines that pass through various points and form a corner, a triangle or a polygon.
subclass of: Immaterial continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Surface
  on property: boundary of
definition: A line is a 1-dimensional immaterial continuant.
example: Boundary line of the football field
example: Longitudinal axis of the human skeleton

Material aggregate
type: Class
comment: The members of a material aggregate are regarded as its parts, similar to the parts of an object (e.g., John is part/member of the football team and plays the role of forward).
subclass of: Material continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has member
  some values from: Material continuant
alternative label: Collective
alternative label: Group
definition: A material aggregate is a unit consisting of multiple material objects or further aggregates.
example: Research group
example: Sports team

Material continuant
type: Class
comment: Usually, connected objects are considered as single material objects, i.e., the object parts are firmly connected to the whole object, while loose objects can form a group/aggregate. When modelling a person, for example, you could consider their skeleton as a (connected) material object and as part of the human body. However, if we look at bone finds in the context of anthropology, the skeleton can be modelled as an aggregate of individual bones.
subclass of: Continuant
definition: Material continuants are any 3-dimensional material objects, aggregates and parts.

Material object
type: Class
subclass of: Material continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Surface
  on property: has natural boundary
  qualified cardinality: 1
definition: Material objects are connected material entities that consist of an amount of stuff and have a natural boundary.
example: Bone
example: Chopstick
example: Computer
example: Person

Material part
type: Class
subclass of: Material continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: Material object
definition: Material parts are parts of material objects that have no natural boundary with the whole object (e.g., part of a bone).
example: Part of a bone
example: Part of a chopstick

Point
type: Class
subclass of: Immaterial continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Line
  on property: boundary of
definition: A point is a 0-dimensional immaterial continuant.
example: Gonion
example: Penalty spot

Process
type: Class
comment: Processes represent dynamic knowledge.
subclass of: Concrete individual
subclass of: Class
  union of: Class
    intersection of: Restriction
      on data range: dateTime
      on property: finished by date time value
      qualified cardinality: 1
    intersection of: Restriction
      on data range: dateTime
      on property: started by date time value
      qualified cardinality: 1
  union of: Restriction
    on class: Chronoid
    on property: has time
    qualified cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has process part
  some values from: Class
    union of: Attributive
    union of: Process
    union of: Situation
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Continuant
  on property: has participant
definition: Processes are concrete individuals that happen in time and have a temporal extension (a chronoid).
example: A treatment of a patient in a hospital
example: Football match
example: The course of an illness
example: The first half of the match

Processual role
type: Class
subclass of: Role
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Process
  on property: role in
  qualified cardinality: 1
disjoint with: Relational role
definition: A processual role is the role that a participant plays in a process.
example: Team A plays the home team role and team B plays the visiting team role in a football match.

Quality
type: Class
comment: Qualities can possess values.
subclass of: Attributive
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Individual
  on property: quality of
  qualified cardinality: 1
alternative label: Attribute
alternative label: Characteristic
alternative label: Feature
alternative label: Property
alternative label: Trait
definition: Qualities are attributives that typically inhere in its bearer.
example: Observable or measurable characteristics of single objects, e.g., persons, (such as weight and height, laboratory parameters or symptoms)
example: Qualities of object groups (e.g., goals scored by a football team in a match)
example: Qualities of processes (e.g., the number of spectators as quality of a football match)

Relational role
type: Class
subclass of: Role
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Relator
  on property: role in
  qualified cardinality: 1
definition: A relational role is the role that an entity plays in a relation (relator).
example: Target object role and reference object role of a relative location relator (describes the relative location of an object playing the target object role in relation to another object playing the reference object role)
example: Wife role and husband role of the marriage relator
example: Winner team role and loser team role of the winner-loser relator

Relator
type: Class
comment: A relator represents an individual relation instance.
subclass of: Attributive
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains role
  some values from: Relational role
subclass of: Restriction
  min qualified cardinality: 2
  on class: Continuant
  on property: relates
definition: Relators are attributives that connect other entities (role players) by relational roles (played by role players).
example: A relator describing the relative location of an object (playing the target object role) in relation to another object (playing the reference object role), e.g., the location of a person relative to the city centre or the location of an anatomical structure relative to the longitudinal axis
example: A winner-loser relator connecting a winner and a loser team by a winner and a loser role
example: The marriage (relator) of John and Mary (in which Mary plays the wife role and John the husband role)

Role
type: Class
comment: We distinguish between continuant part roles, processual roles, situational roles and relational roles.
subclass of: Attributive
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Continuant
  on property: played by
  qualified cardinality: 1
definition: A role is a relational entity that links a continuant (role player) with some context, in which the continuant plays that role.

Situation
type: Class
comment: A situation can exist at a certain point in time or during a certain period of time and can be part or result of a process or another situation.
comment: Situations represent static knowledge.
subclass of: Concrete individual
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has situation part
  some values from: Class
    union of: Attributive
    union of: Situation
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Continuant
  on property: has participant
definition: Situations are combinations/constellations of attributives that belong together in the context of the use case under consideration.
example: A risk situation when treating a patient in hospital if his laboratory values (qualities) are in the critical range over a certain period of time
example: The situation after the wedding of John and Mary (i.e., the situation in which they are married containing the marriage relator with a husband and a wife role)
example: The situation at the end of a football match containing players' qualities (e.g., number of goals or assists), teams' qualities (e.g., number of goals or ball possession) and a winner-loser relator with one team playing the winner role and the other team playing the loser role

Situational role
type: Class
subclass of: Role
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Situation
  on property: role in
  qualified cardinality: 1
definition: A situational role is the role that a participant plays in a situation.
example: Roles played by a doctor and a patient in a risk/adverse situation in hospital

Surface
type: Class
subclass of: Immaterial continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Material object
  on property: boundary of
definition: A surface is a 2-dimensional immaterial continuant.
example: Frontal plane of the human skeleton
example: Surface of the football field

Time boundary
type: Class
subclass of: Time entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on data range: dateTime
  on property: date time value
  qualified cardinality: 1
alternative label: Point in time
alternative label: Time point
example: Start point in time of a football match

Time entity
type: Class
comment: The time entities defined in GFO-light are points in time (time boundaries) and time intervals/periods (chronoids), which consist of points in time.
subclass of: Individual

after
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporally related with
inverse of: before

after date time value
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Shortcut for 'after'
sub property of: date time value

attributive of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Attributive
range: Individual
inverse of: has attributive

before
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporally related with
definition: X before Y: Xf < Ys

before date time value
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Shortcut for 'before'
sub property of: date time value

boolean value
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Attributive
range: boolean

boundary of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Immaterial continuants can be considered as (outer or inner) boundaries (boundaryOf). Note that surfaces are boundaries of material continuants, lines are boundaries of surfaces and points are boundaries of lines.
domain: Immaterial continuant
range: Class
  union of: Line
  union of: Material object
  union of: Surface
inverse of: has boundary

caused by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: results from
inverse of: causes

causes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: leads to

contains date time value
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Shortcut for 'temporallyContains'
sub property of: has temporal part date time value

contains role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Continuant
  union of: Process
  union of: Relator
  union of: Situation
range: Role
inverse of: role in

date time value
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Individual
range: dateTime

decimal value
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Attributive
range: decimal

during
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporal part of
inverse of: temporally contains
definition: X during Y: Xs > Ys and Xf < Yf

finished by date time value
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Shortcut for 'temporallyFinishedBy'
sub property of: has temporal part date time value

has attributive
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Individual
range: Attributive

has boundary
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Line
  union of: Material object
  union of: Surface
range: Immaterial continuant

has inner boundary
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has boundary
inverse of: inner boundary of

has member
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Material aggregate
range: Material continuant
sub property of: has part
inverse of: member of

has natural boundary
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has boundary
inverse of: natural boundary of

has owner
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Immaterial continuants can be assigned to a corresponding material continuant using the object property hasOwner.
domain: Immaterial continuant
range: Material continuant
inverse of: owner of

has part
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Individual
range: Individual
inverse of: part of

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Process
  union of: Situation
range: Continuant
inverse of: participates in

has process part
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Process
range: Class
  union of: Attributive
  union of: Process
  union of: Situation
sub property of: has part
inverse of: process part of

has quality
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Individual
range: Quality
sub property of: has attributive
inverse of: quality of

has situation part
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Situation
range: Class
  union of: Attributive
  union of: Situation
sub property of: has part
inverse of: situation part of

has temporal part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporally related with
inverse of: temporal part of

has temporal part date time value
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Shortcut for 'hasTemporalPart'
sub property of: date time value

has time
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Concrete individual
range: Time entity
inverse of: time of

inner boundary of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: boundary of

instance of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Entity
range: Category
inverse of: instantiated by

instantiated by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Category
range: Entity

leads to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Process
  union of: Situation
range: Class
  union of: Process
  union of: Situation
inverse of: results from

located in
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Material objects can be located in other material objects (locatedIn, e.g., the driver is located in the car).
comment: Processes and situations can take place (locatedIn) in material objects (e.g., a football match in a stadium or an illness in a person).
domain: Class
  union of: Material object
  union of: Process
  union of: Situation
range: Material object
inverse of: location of

location of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Material object
range: Class
  union of: Material object
  union of: Process
  union of: Situation

member of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: To model the membership of a member in a group/aggregate, the more specific object properties hasMember/memberOf should be used instead of hasPart/PartOf.
domain: Material continuant
range: Material aggregate
sub property of: part of

natural boundary of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: boundary of

owner of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Material continuant
range: Immaterial continuant

part of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Individual
range: Individual

participates in
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Continuants can participate in processes and situations (participatesIn, hasParticipant).
domain: Continuant
range: Class
  union of: Process
  union of: Situation
example: Player A1 participates in a goal situation.
example: Teams A and B participate in a football match.

played by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Role
range: Continuant
sub property of: attributive of
inverse of: plays

plays
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The role players are associated with the roles they play using object properties plays or playedBy.
domain: Continuant
range: Role
sub property of: has attributive

process part of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Attributive
  union of: Process
  union of: Situation
range: Process
sub property of: part of

quality of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Quality
range: Individual
sub property of: attributive of

related by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Continuant
range: Relator
sub property of: has attributive
inverse of: relates

relates
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Relator
range: Continuant
sub property of: attributive of

results from
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Process
  union of: Situation
range: Class
  union of: Process
  union of: Situation

role in
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Roles are assigned to the corresponding context entity (continuant, process, situation, relator) using object properties roleIn or containsRole.
domain: Role
range: Class
  union of: Continuant
  union of: Process
  union of: Relator
  union of: Situation

situation part of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Attributive
  union of: Situation
range: Situation
sub property of: part of

spatially ends on
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: spatially passes through

spatially passes through
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Line
  union of: Surface
range: Continuant

spatially starts on
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: spatially passes through

started by date time value
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Shortcut for 'temporallyStartedBy'
sub property of: has temporal part date time value

string value
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Attributive
range: string

temporal part of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporally related with
definition: X temporal part of Y: X starts Y or X finishes Y or X during Y

temporally contains
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has temporal part

temporally equal
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporally related with
definition: X equal Y: Xs = Ys and Xf = Yf

temporally finished by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has temporal part
inverse of: temporally finishes

temporally finishes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporal part of
definition: X finishes Y: Xs > Ys and Xf = Yf

temporally meets
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporally related with
inverse of: temporally met by
definition: X meets Y: Xf = Ys

temporally met by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporally related with

temporally overlapped by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporally related with
inverse of: temporally overlaps

temporally overlaps
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporally related with
definition: X overlaps Y: Xs < Ys and Xf > Ys and Xf < Yf

temporally related with
type: ObjectProperty
comment: If a temporal relation is applied to other concrete individuals as time intervals (attributive, continuant, process, situation), it is propagated to their existence times (hasTime).
comment: In the definitions of the relations, the variables Xs, Xf, Ys and Yf represent the start (s) and finish (f) of the time intervals X and Y.
comment: Some temporal relations can also be applied to points in time (before/after, equal) or a point in time and a time interval (before, starts, finishes, during or their inverse relations).
domain: Individual
range: Individual
definition: Temporal relations between time intervals based on Allen, J. F. (1983). Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals. Communications of the ACM, 26(11), 832-843.

temporally started by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has temporal part
inverse of: temporally starts

temporally starts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporal part of
definition: X starts Y: Xs = Ys and Xf < Yf

time of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Time entity
range: Concrete individual

unit
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Attributive
range: string

Risk Identification Ontology (RIO)
type: Ontology
created: 2016-04-27
creator: Alexandr Uciteli
description: Risk Identification Ontology (RIO) provides a framework for risk specification and reasoning.
modified: 2025-02-07
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
preferred namespace prefix: rio
preferred namespace URI: https://w3id.org/rio/
repository: RIO
imports: https://w3id.org/gfo-light/release/2025-01-06
version IRI: https://w3id.org/rio/release/2025-02-07
version info: 2025-02-07

Adverse situation
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment situation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: results from
  some values from: Risk situation
alternative label: Adverse event
definition: An adverse situation is any untoward/undesirable treatment situation.
example: Dura mater infection

KPI
type: Class
subclass of: Attributive
alternative label: Key Performance Indicator
definition: Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are properties (attributives) of the treatment process and its participants (such as doctors, medical instruments and patients) that are relevant for the estimation of risk.
example: Age
example: Presence of antibiotic prevention
example: Presence of menginitis vaccination

Point in time of risk detection
type: Class
subclass of: Point in time of treatment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  some values from: Treatment phase
alternative label: Risk detection time point
definition: A point in time of risk detection is a point in time of treatment at which the current treatment situation (potential risk situation) is analyzed for the presence of risks.

Point in time of treatment
type: Class
subclass of: Time boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: temporal part of
  some values from: Treatment
alternative label: Treatment time point

Risk situation
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment situation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: process part of
  some values from: Treatment phase
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Point in time of risk detection
  on property: has time
  qualified cardinality: 1
alternative label: Risk
definition: A risk situation is a treatment situation that contains such a combination of KPIs that can lead to an adverse situation with a certain probability.
example: Dura mater infection risk (situation) during cochlear implantation: age < 5 month AND no meningitis vaccination AND no antibiotic prevention

Treatment
type: Class
subclass of: Process
definition: A treatment is a process of medical treating a patient in hospital.

Treatment phase
type: Class
subclass of: Process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: process part of
  some values from: Treatment
definition: A treatment phase is a time-limited part of the treatment.
example: Anamnesis phase
example: Indication phase
example: Intraoperative phase

Treatment situation
type: Class
comment: Treatment situations can be analyzed for the presence of risks at certain points in time (of risk detection).
subclass of: Situation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has situation part
  some values from: KPI
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: process part of
  some values from: Treatment
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Point in time of treatment
  on property: has time
  qualified cardinality: 1
definition: A treatment situation is any situation arising during treatment.